What is empiricism?
Empiricism is the philosophical concept that experience, which is based on observation and experimentation, is the source of knowledge. According to empiricism, only the information that a person gathers with his or her senses should be used to make decisions, without regard to reason or to either religious or political teachings. Empiricism gained credibility with the rise of experimental science during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and it continues to be studied by many scientists today. Empiricists have included English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704), who asserted that there is no such thing as innate (having at birth) ideas—that the mind is born blank and all knowledge is derived from human experience. Another prominent empiricist, Irish clergyman George Berkeley (1685–1753), believed that nothing exists except through an individual's own perceptions, and that the mind of God makes possible...
What is rationalism?
Rationalism is the belief that the world we live in can be understood by the use of reason. The Rationalist Association argues for a rational approach to human problems, proposes reasoned alternatives to religious dogmas, aims to advance a secular system of education and wishes to defend freedom of thought and civil liberties.
Reason is a tool for solving problems, creating strategies, debunking nonsense and undermining dogmas. However, feeling, compassion and imagination are also important in driving and enriching our actions and thoughts. The strength of reason is that it is a powerful tool of understanding and a means of arriving at rational decisions. Human choices are not always made with complete rationality, but it is preferable to aim for the reasonable than to choose without thought.
The scientific process is powered by the use of reason. Much progress has come through scientific understanding, although the application of science, such as atomic explosions or genetic modification, can sometimes be dangerous. Imagination and empathy enable us to envisage the outcome of the application of science. The arts too can enlarge our concept of being human.
Rationalists have questioned the claims of religious thinkers and religious institutions. They may be agnostics or atheists, but they doubt the claims of the supernatural on the grounds of lack of reasonable evidence. The attitudes and injunctions of religions seem unconvincing when examined in the light of reason.
Rationalists envisage that the use of reason will lead to human progress - even if not in a steady upward course. Rationalists reckon that the sum of human progress may be increased by the careful and consistent use of reason.
http://newhumanist.org.uk/articles
Question: What Is Behaviorism?
Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.
--John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930
Answer: Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.
There are two major types of conditioning:
1. Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response.
2. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
Major Thinkers in Behaviorism
• Ivan Pavlov / B. F. Skinner /Edward Thorndike / John B. Watson / Clark Hull
Criticisms of Behaviorism
• Many critics argue that behaviorism is a one-dimensional approach to behavior and that behavioral theories do not account for free will and internal influences such as moods, thoughts, and feelings.
• Behaviorism does not account for other types of learning, especially learning that occurs without the use of reinforcements or punishments.
• People and animals are able to adapt their behavior when new information is introduced, even if a previous behavior pattern has been established through reinforcement.
Strengths of Behaviorism
• Behaviorism is based upon observable behaviors, so it is easier to quantify and collect data and information when conducting research.
• Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioral intervention, token economies, and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism. These approaches are often very useful in changing maladaptive or harmful behaviors in both children and adults.
Structuralism in Linguistics
Structural linguists make the influential argument that the elements of a language have no intrinsic character. They take on a character only in relation to each other.
For example, human beings can make a certain range of noises, but the sound of "m" is not really the sound of "m" outside of a language that uses an "m." Within that language, a certain range of noises gets classified together as equivalent versions of the "m" sound, and there is no useful way to describe this classification except by referring to the language. The boundaries are imprecise--people who hear an "m" are not measuring waveforms and rejecting the ones beyond a certain cutoff point. Furthermore, there is change through time, local variation, and a good deal of overlap between the range of noises that can be classified as "m" and those that can be classified as something else. If there is an "m" sound that exists in the language, it must be thought of as something persisting through the welter of possible variations.
The phoneme has some essential character, apart from all its manifestations. Furthermore, the language defines this essential character partly by differentiating it from other phonemes. What makes an "m" is partly its distinction from "n." But what makes an "n" is partly its distinction from "m." // Continuing this line of analysis, it must be the case that the ?m? sound in one language is not the same as the ?m? sound in another, even if the same range of vocal noise is classified as ?m? in each. The classification is being made by contrasts within two different systems. / Saussure believed that the meanings expressed in a language were determined by an analogous system of differences. /This way of thinking has several obvious characteristics. /It defines the boundaries of a language by reference to its internal structure. / It portrays the workings of a language solely in terms of the internal structure, rather than seeking a set of causes, functions, or patterns that could underlie several different structures. If generalized from phonetics to meaning, the approach obviously raises the possibility that what's expressed in one language cannot be expressed in any other.
Most pervasively, it depends on a notion of purely abstract structure underlying all the particular manifestations of a language. Language is not the sound, it is the classification of sounds; it is not the question, it is the comparison with other sentence types that define what a question is; it is not the idea, it is the set of underlying distinctions that make the idea possible. / This idealism, if that is the term, has a somewhat surprising result. Sign and meaning tend to merge. A word means just what it means in the language that uses it, and only that word expresses it. So, implicitly, languages are not translatable into each other. This is a possibility taken up by deconstructionism.
Tuesday, June 30, 2009
Wednesday, June 24, 2009
study UK
Why Study in the USA?
Maybe you are looking for the very best education available in the world. Maybe you want to do competition with the excellent candidate. Maybe you want to deserve very professional career. Maybe you want to work with top professional. No problem! Whatever your reasons, but one thing is clear that your step in the USA which will help to gain your ambition.
Is not it true? You have read a lot about the USA every day in the news. Perhaps it is also true, you have watched Hollywood films, listened to US songs and music videos and talked to people from the USA. Perhaps it is also true that you want to become fluent in English and gain a deeper appreciation and understanding of US culture and heritage.
Hope! Your life in the USA will probably be different from what you have expected now. You may be pleasantly surprised to find that the colleges and universities and other infrastructure. Perhaps you will be surprised at your professors’ willingness to challenge authority. Academic freedom is one of the hallmarks of a U.S. university. You will notice different perspectives on instruction. In the U.S.A., students are trained to observe and analyze a problem, then solve it. You will be expected to listen to your classmates and challenge their points of view. The goal is pragmatic, so that you will gain confidence and the ability to organize and present an argument. It is the USA which appeals different thoughts, feelings, and impulses in study.
Dear students! USA offers several things for the international students: the most prestigious as well as top ranked education anywhere in the world, brilliant and experienced education and world’s counted certification. In fact, US classes are like… where multicultural students can explore themselves.
Why Study in the UK
Why should you choose the UK as a destination to further education? Does the UK welcomes so many students all over the world? What makes the United Kingdom stand out? Does it prepare you one of the competitive candidates for the professional world?
Yes, it is the United Kingdom that has been granting excellent education dating back hundreds of years. See the standard of excellence of some of the older universities with recognizable names, like Oxford and Cambridge, and other are the hallmark in the world. The United Kingdom has much to offer international students that perhaps other English-speaking countries cannot offer.
Are you worrying about the fee which UK colleges demands? No, the cost of education for an international student in the UK can be lower compared to the USA and other countries. Some courses in the USA can be $25,000 plus a year in tuition alone. Tution for the majority of UK higher education institutions is in the region of £6,000 to £7,000 a year - considerably less! Although international students can manage their affairs so that their UK education is affordable, UK policymakers are taking note of an alarming trend in the cost of education for non-EU students. With exchange rates climbing, life in the UK can be quite expensive generally. In addition, unlike in many other EU countries, non-EU students are charged higher rates in the UK than students from EU countries.
Why Study in Australia
Australia is a dynamic and vibrant country with a great deal to offer students looking for international education. Choosing to come to Australia to study will provide you with new and wonderful opportunities and experiences, and a whole new view of the world, not to mention exciting and progressive world-class education programs.
The Australian education system has a strong international reputation and is known for its effective structure and innovative policy developments. Many other countries, eager to improve their own education systems, turn to Australia for advice.
Australia is the world's smallest continent and the largest island. It is like nowhere else in the world. It has an area as big as mainland of the United States but has a population of only 20 million people. The population is comprised of over 130 nationalities which makes Australia one of the most multicultural countries in the world. This broad ethnic mix has created a rich cultural blend of languages, fashions, architecture and cuisines.
Whether you decide to study at a university, English college, international school, TAFE College or vocational institute you will receive a high quality education ensuring future success in your chosen career.
The Australian education and training system has four main sectors: universities, vocational education and training,schools and English language training collegesThe Australian education system has been created to allow students to easily move along training pathways from one from one qualification level to the next. Additionally students can easily transfer from one institution to a new one.
On arrival in Australia most institutions provide orientation for new students including organizing accommodation and other services required for your study abroad stay in Australia.
One of the great things about studying in Australia is the fact that international students can work up to 20 hours each week during their semesters and full-time over their holiday periods.
So if you are planning to study abroad,Study in Australia is one of the best study abroad destinations in the world that you could get. Having a strong reputation for excellence in educational institutions, we can guarantee you the best study experience abroad with an affordable tuition fees and cost of living.
Reasons to study abroad
Here are some common reasons international students choose Australia as their overseas study destination. Australia has:
• dynamic and progressive education programs with a reputation for excellence
• globally-recognised courses and qualifications
• a relaxed, enjoyable and safe lifestyle
• cheaper study and living expenses compared to many other countries
• vibrant, appealing and multicultural cities
• great weather
• amazing and diverse landscapes and scenery
• unique and wonderful flora and fauna.
Please click the links below for relevant information about Australia :
a) About Immigration and Visa: http://www.immi.gov.au/
b) About Studies in Australia : http://www.studiesinaustralia.com/
c) About jobs in Australia :http://www.seek.com.au/
d) About Australia : http://www.australia.gov.au/
e) List of Australian Universities: http://www.australian-universities.com/list
f) List of Universities in Sydney : www.australian-universities.com/directory/sydney-universities
g) About student visa for Australia : www.immi.gov.au/study/overview/index.htm
h) Student Visa Documentation Requirement Checklist:
www.india.embassy.gov.au/immigrationstudent_visas.htm
About IELTS
IELTS - The International English Language Testing System
Not only has English become an international language; it is used by more and more people around the world as a medium of post-school study.
To help universities and colleges select students with sufficient English skills to succeed in their courses, The IELTS test was introduced in 1989 to assess “whether candidates are ready to train in the medium of English”. It is now used for this purpose around the globe.
Depending in the course of study that students plan to take, students must elect to sit either the Academic IELTS test or the General Training IELTS test. This choice must be made when applying to sit the test. The Academic IELTS test is necessary for students who plan to study at university (undergraduate or postgraduate courses), and will test the student’s ability both to understand and to use complex academic language. The General Training IELTS test is required by other institutions, such as colleges and high schools, for courses that require less complex language skills, and is also as a general test of English proficiency e.g. for immigration purposes in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
The Test Format
There are four sub-tests, or modules, to the IELTS test: Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking. Students must sit all four sub-tests. While all students take the same Listening and Speaking tests, they sit different Reading and Writing tests, depending on whether they have selected the Academic IELTS test or the General Training IELTS test.
On the day of the test, the four subsections will be taken in the following order:
Total Test Time
2 hours 45 minutes
The Speaking test may even take place a day or two later at some centres.
IELTS listening test lasts for about 30 minutes. It consists of four sections, played on cassette tape, in order of increasing difficulty. Each section might be a dialogue or a monologue. The test is played once only, and the questions for each section must be answered while listening, although time is given for students to check their answers.
IELTS Reading test lasts for 60 minutes. Students are given an Academic Reading test, or a General Training Reading test. Both tests consist of three sections, and in both tests the sections are in order of increasing difficulty.
IELTS Writing test also lasts for 60 minutes. Again, students take either an Academic test, or a General Training test. Students must perform two writing tasks, which require different styles of writing. There is no choice of question topics.
IELTS Speaking test consists of a one-to-one interview with a specially trained examiner. The examiner will lead the candidate through the three parts of the test:
An introduction and interview, an individual long turn where the candidate speaks for one or two minutes on a particular topic, and a two-way discussion thematically linked to the individual long turn. This interview will last for approximately 11-14 minutes.
What is IELTS?
IELTS is the International English Language Testing System.
IELTS conforms to the highest international standards of language assessment. It tests the four language skills – listening, reading, writing and speaking. IELTS is a secure, valid and reliable test of real-life ability to communicate in English for education, immigration and professional accreditation.
Candidates can sit an IELTS test in 500 locations around the world. This global test has the highest levels of quality control.
Find out more in the Test format and results section or download the IELTS Guide for Stakeholders.
Who owns IELTS?
IELTS is jointly managed by British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) and delivered through more than 500 locations in 120 countries.
University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) is the world's leading provider of exams for learners of English. Each year the exams are taken by around 1.5 million people, in 135 countries.
British Council connects people worldwide with the learning opportunities and creative ideas from the UK and builds lasting relationships between the UK and other countries. British Council is the UK's international organisation for educational opportunity and cultural relations and is represented in 109 countries worldwide.
IDP: IELTS Australia is Australia's international education organisation. It undertakes a broad range of activities from student advisory services and educational publications to project consultancy and English language teaching and testing.
IELTS is at the cutting edge of English language testing. The effectiveness of IELTS has been proven since 1989. IELTS test design has continued to incorporate advances in applied linguistics, language pedagogy, language assessment and technology.
Through decades of progressive change, IELTS has remained committed to assessing all four language skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking) with a face-to-face speaking component. This continues to set IELTS apart from other English language tests.
IELTS – a history of innovation
The forerunner to IELTS was the English Language Testing Service (ELTS) introduced in 1980. The test had an innovative format that reflected changes in language learning and teaching theory and developments in language testing. In particular, the ELTS was influenced by the growth in ‘communicative’ language learning and ‘English for specific purposes’. Test tasks were based on an analysis of the ways in which language was used in academic contexts and were intended to reflect the use of language in the ‘real world’.
Ongoing research and development by the British Council and UCLES EFL (now known as Cambridge ESOL) led to a revised testing system and broader international participation with the involvement of the International Development Program of Australian Universities and Colleges (IDP), now known as IDP Education Australia.
IDP, British Council and UCLES formed an international partnership, reflected in the new name for the test: The International English Language Testing System.
IELTS 1989 – 20 years of setting the standard
The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) first became operational in 1989. From 1989 IELTS candidates took two non-specialised modules, Listening and Speaking, and two specialised modules, Reading and Writing.
Further modifications to the test were implemented in April 1995. In keeping with this history of innovation, the IELTS partners continue to be committed to the ongoing development of the test. A revised IELTS Speaking Test was introduced in July 2001. New assessment criteria for the Writing Test were operational from January 2005. A computerised version of IELTS was also introduced in 2005 at a number of IELTS centres. Information on all these projects can be found in past issues of the IELTS Annual Review, and in Cambridge ESOL’s quarterly publication – Research Notes.
The current test retains many of the features of the 1980 ELTS including the emphasis on the comprehension of extended text in the receptive papers (Reading and Listening), and the direct testing of performance through a face-to-face Speaking test and the use of the essay and report formats in the Writing test.
Ongoing research and development
International teams of writers contribute to IELTS test materials. Ongoing research ensures that IELTS remains fair and unbiased – wherever and whenever the test is taken – and that IELTS encourages, reflects and respects international diversity and is fair to anyone who sits the test, regardless of nationality, background, gender or lifestyle.
The rigorous processes used to produce the test materials ensure that every version of the test is of a comparable level of difficulty, so that candidates’ results are consistent wherever and whenever they take the test.
These and the other benefits of IELTS today build on our history of English language testing over many decades.
Note: I will provide doc about TOEFL, SAT, GRE and GMAT very soon. Please set on the basis of it.
Some Information:
- Please make banner and keep logo effectively.
- Do not keep bar in countries selection rather make drop down menu on it.
- Set color properly with button bar and side bar.
- Change the color of login background.
- Keep your company name in side and in small size.
We respect your creativity and we hope for your best creation.
Thank you!
Maybe you are looking for the very best education available in the world. Maybe you want to do competition with the excellent candidate. Maybe you want to deserve very professional career. Maybe you want to work with top professional. No problem! Whatever your reasons, but one thing is clear that your step in the USA which will help to gain your ambition.
Is not it true? You have read a lot about the USA every day in the news. Perhaps it is also true, you have watched Hollywood films, listened to US songs and music videos and talked to people from the USA. Perhaps it is also true that you want to become fluent in English and gain a deeper appreciation and understanding of US culture and heritage.
Hope! Your life in the USA will probably be different from what you have expected now. You may be pleasantly surprised to find that the colleges and universities and other infrastructure. Perhaps you will be surprised at your professors’ willingness to challenge authority. Academic freedom is one of the hallmarks of a U.S. university. You will notice different perspectives on instruction. In the U.S.A., students are trained to observe and analyze a problem, then solve it. You will be expected to listen to your classmates and challenge their points of view. The goal is pragmatic, so that you will gain confidence and the ability to organize and present an argument. It is the USA which appeals different thoughts, feelings, and impulses in study.
Dear students! USA offers several things for the international students: the most prestigious as well as top ranked education anywhere in the world, brilliant and experienced education and world’s counted certification. In fact, US classes are like… where multicultural students can explore themselves.
Why Study in the UK
Why should you choose the UK as a destination to further education? Does the UK welcomes so many students all over the world? What makes the United Kingdom stand out? Does it prepare you one of the competitive candidates for the professional world?
Yes, it is the United Kingdom that has been granting excellent education dating back hundreds of years. See the standard of excellence of some of the older universities with recognizable names, like Oxford and Cambridge, and other are the hallmark in the world. The United Kingdom has much to offer international students that perhaps other English-speaking countries cannot offer.
Are you worrying about the fee which UK colleges demands? No, the cost of education for an international student in the UK can be lower compared to the USA and other countries. Some courses in the USA can be $25,000 plus a year in tuition alone. Tution for the majority of UK higher education institutions is in the region of £6,000 to £7,000 a year - considerably less! Although international students can manage their affairs so that their UK education is affordable, UK policymakers are taking note of an alarming trend in the cost of education for non-EU students. With exchange rates climbing, life in the UK can be quite expensive generally. In addition, unlike in many other EU countries, non-EU students are charged higher rates in the UK than students from EU countries.
Why Study in Australia
Australia is a dynamic and vibrant country with a great deal to offer students looking for international education. Choosing to come to Australia to study will provide you with new and wonderful opportunities and experiences, and a whole new view of the world, not to mention exciting and progressive world-class education programs.
The Australian education system has a strong international reputation and is known for its effective structure and innovative policy developments. Many other countries, eager to improve their own education systems, turn to Australia for advice.
Australia is the world's smallest continent and the largest island. It is like nowhere else in the world. It has an area as big as mainland of the United States but has a population of only 20 million people. The population is comprised of over 130 nationalities which makes Australia one of the most multicultural countries in the world. This broad ethnic mix has created a rich cultural blend of languages, fashions, architecture and cuisines.
Whether you decide to study at a university, English college, international school, TAFE College or vocational institute you will receive a high quality education ensuring future success in your chosen career.
The Australian education and training system has four main sectors: universities, vocational education and training,schools and English language training collegesThe Australian education system has been created to allow students to easily move along training pathways from one from one qualification level to the next. Additionally students can easily transfer from one institution to a new one.
On arrival in Australia most institutions provide orientation for new students including organizing accommodation and other services required for your study abroad stay in Australia.
One of the great things about studying in Australia is the fact that international students can work up to 20 hours each week during their semesters and full-time over their holiday periods.
So if you are planning to study abroad,Study in Australia is one of the best study abroad destinations in the world that you could get. Having a strong reputation for excellence in educational institutions, we can guarantee you the best study experience abroad with an affordable tuition fees and cost of living.
Reasons to study abroad
Here are some common reasons international students choose Australia as their overseas study destination. Australia has:
• dynamic and progressive education programs with a reputation for excellence
• globally-recognised courses and qualifications
• a relaxed, enjoyable and safe lifestyle
• cheaper study and living expenses compared to many other countries
• vibrant, appealing and multicultural cities
• great weather
• amazing and diverse landscapes and scenery
• unique and wonderful flora and fauna.
Please click the links below for relevant information about Australia :
a) About Immigration and Visa: http://www.immi.gov.au/
b) About Studies in Australia : http://www.studiesinaustralia.com/
c) About jobs in Australia :http://www.seek.com.au/
d) About Australia : http://www.australia.gov.au/
e) List of Australian Universities: http://www.australian-universities.com/list
f) List of Universities in Sydney : www.australian-universities.com/directory/sydney-universities
g) About student visa for Australia : www.immi.gov.au/study/overview/index.htm
h) Student Visa Documentation Requirement Checklist:
www.india.embassy.gov.au/immigrationstudent_visas.htm
About IELTS
IELTS - The International English Language Testing System
Not only has English become an international language; it is used by more and more people around the world as a medium of post-school study.
To help universities and colleges select students with sufficient English skills to succeed in their courses, The IELTS test was introduced in 1989 to assess “whether candidates are ready to train in the medium of English”. It is now used for this purpose around the globe.
Depending in the course of study that students plan to take, students must elect to sit either the Academic IELTS test or the General Training IELTS test. This choice must be made when applying to sit the test. The Academic IELTS test is necessary for students who plan to study at university (undergraduate or postgraduate courses), and will test the student’s ability both to understand and to use complex academic language. The General Training IELTS test is required by other institutions, such as colleges and high schools, for courses that require less complex language skills, and is also as a general test of English proficiency e.g. for immigration purposes in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
The Test Format
There are four sub-tests, or modules, to the IELTS test: Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking. Students must sit all four sub-tests. While all students take the same Listening and Speaking tests, they sit different Reading and Writing tests, depending on whether they have selected the Academic IELTS test or the General Training IELTS test.
On the day of the test, the four subsections will be taken in the following order:
Total Test Time
2 hours 45 minutes
The Speaking test may even take place a day or two later at some centres.
IELTS listening test lasts for about 30 minutes. It consists of four sections, played on cassette tape, in order of increasing difficulty. Each section might be a dialogue or a monologue. The test is played once only, and the questions for each section must be answered while listening, although time is given for students to check their answers.
IELTS Reading test lasts for 60 minutes. Students are given an Academic Reading test, or a General Training Reading test. Both tests consist of three sections, and in both tests the sections are in order of increasing difficulty.
IELTS Writing test also lasts for 60 minutes. Again, students take either an Academic test, or a General Training test. Students must perform two writing tasks, which require different styles of writing. There is no choice of question topics.
IELTS Speaking test consists of a one-to-one interview with a specially trained examiner. The examiner will lead the candidate through the three parts of the test:
An introduction and interview, an individual long turn where the candidate speaks for one or two minutes on a particular topic, and a two-way discussion thematically linked to the individual long turn. This interview will last for approximately 11-14 minutes.
What is IELTS?
IELTS is the International English Language Testing System.
IELTS conforms to the highest international standards of language assessment. It tests the four language skills – listening, reading, writing and speaking. IELTS is a secure, valid and reliable test of real-life ability to communicate in English for education, immigration and professional accreditation.
Candidates can sit an IELTS test in 500 locations around the world. This global test has the highest levels of quality control.
Find out more in the Test format and results section or download the IELTS Guide for Stakeholders.
Who owns IELTS?
IELTS is jointly managed by British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) and delivered through more than 500 locations in 120 countries.
University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) is the world's leading provider of exams for learners of English. Each year the exams are taken by around 1.5 million people, in 135 countries.
British Council connects people worldwide with the learning opportunities and creative ideas from the UK and builds lasting relationships between the UK and other countries. British Council is the UK's international organisation for educational opportunity and cultural relations and is represented in 109 countries worldwide.
IDP: IELTS Australia is Australia's international education organisation. It undertakes a broad range of activities from student advisory services and educational publications to project consultancy and English language teaching and testing.
IELTS is at the cutting edge of English language testing. The effectiveness of IELTS has been proven since 1989. IELTS test design has continued to incorporate advances in applied linguistics, language pedagogy, language assessment and technology.
Through decades of progressive change, IELTS has remained committed to assessing all four language skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking) with a face-to-face speaking component. This continues to set IELTS apart from other English language tests.
IELTS – a history of innovation
The forerunner to IELTS was the English Language Testing Service (ELTS) introduced in 1980. The test had an innovative format that reflected changes in language learning and teaching theory and developments in language testing. In particular, the ELTS was influenced by the growth in ‘communicative’ language learning and ‘English for specific purposes’. Test tasks were based on an analysis of the ways in which language was used in academic contexts and were intended to reflect the use of language in the ‘real world’.
Ongoing research and development by the British Council and UCLES EFL (now known as Cambridge ESOL) led to a revised testing system and broader international participation with the involvement of the International Development Program of Australian Universities and Colleges (IDP), now known as IDP Education Australia.
IDP, British Council and UCLES formed an international partnership, reflected in the new name for the test: The International English Language Testing System.
IELTS 1989 – 20 years of setting the standard
The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) first became operational in 1989. From 1989 IELTS candidates took two non-specialised modules, Listening and Speaking, and two specialised modules, Reading and Writing.
Further modifications to the test were implemented in April 1995. In keeping with this history of innovation, the IELTS partners continue to be committed to the ongoing development of the test. A revised IELTS Speaking Test was introduced in July 2001. New assessment criteria for the Writing Test were operational from January 2005. A computerised version of IELTS was also introduced in 2005 at a number of IELTS centres. Information on all these projects can be found in past issues of the IELTS Annual Review, and in Cambridge ESOL’s quarterly publication – Research Notes.
The current test retains many of the features of the 1980 ELTS including the emphasis on the comprehension of extended text in the receptive papers (Reading and Listening), and the direct testing of performance through a face-to-face Speaking test and the use of the essay and report formats in the Writing test.
Ongoing research and development
International teams of writers contribute to IELTS test materials. Ongoing research ensures that IELTS remains fair and unbiased – wherever and whenever the test is taken – and that IELTS encourages, reflects and respects international diversity and is fair to anyone who sits the test, regardless of nationality, background, gender or lifestyle.
The rigorous processes used to produce the test materials ensure that every version of the test is of a comparable level of difficulty, so that candidates’ results are consistent wherever and whenever they take the test.
These and the other benefits of IELTS today build on our history of English language testing over many decades.
Note: I will provide doc about TOEFL, SAT, GRE and GMAT very soon. Please set on the basis of it.
Some Information:
- Please make banner and keep logo effectively.
- Do not keep bar in countries selection rather make drop down menu on it.
- Set color properly with button bar and side bar.
- Change the color of login background.
- Keep your company name in side and in small size.
We respect your creativity and we hope for your best creation.
Thank you!
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
study in usa
Why Study in the USA?
Maybe you are looking for the very best education available in the world. Maybe you want to do competition with the excellent candidate. Maybe you want to deserve very professional career. Maybe you want to work with top professional. No problem! Whatever your reasons, but one thing is clear that your step in the USA which will help to gain your ambition.
Is not it true? You have read a lot about the USA every day in the news. Perhaps it is also true, you have watched Hollywood films, listened to US songs and music videos and talked to people from the USA. Perhaps it is also true that you want to become fluent in English and gain a deeper appreciation and understanding of US culture and heritage.
Hope! Your life in the USA will probably be different from what you have expected now. You may be pleasantly surprised to find that the colleges and universities and other infrastructure. Perhaps you will be surprised at your professors’ willingness to challenge authority. Academic freedom is one of the hallmarks of a U.S. university. You will notice different perspectives on instruction. In the U.S.A., students are trained to observe and analyze a problem, then solve it. You will be expected to listen to your classmates and challenge their points of view. The goal is pragmatic, so that you will gain confidence and the ability to organize and present an argument. It is the USA which appeals different thoughts, feelings, and impulses in study.
Dear students! USA offers several things for the international students: the most prestigious as well as top ranked education anywhere in the world, brilliant and experienced education and world’s counted certification. In fact, US classes are like… where multicultural students can explore themselves.
Why Study in the UK
Why should you choose the UK as a destination to further education? Does the UK welcomes so many students all over the world? What makes the United Kingdom stand out? Does it prepare you one of the competitive candidates for the professional world?
Yes, it is the United Kingdom that has been granting excellent education dating back hundreds of years. See the standard of excellence of some of the older universities with recognizable names, like Oxford and Cambridge, and other are the hallmark in the world. The United Kingdom has much to offer international students that perhaps other English-speaking countries cannot offer.
Are you worrying about the fee which UK colleges demands? No, the cost of education for an international student in the UK can be lower compared to the USA and other countries. Some courses in the USA can be $25,000 plus a year in tuition alone. Tution for the majority of UK higher education institutions is in the region of £6,000 to £7,000 a year - considerably less! Although international students can manage their affairs so that their UK education is affordable, UK policymakers are taking note of an alarming trend in the cost of education for non-EU students. With exchange rates climbing, life in the UK can be quite expensive generally. In addition, unlike in many other EU countries, non-EU students are charged higher rates in the UK than students from EU countries.
Study in Australia:
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Cosmic Education Nepal (CEN) and Cosmic Consultancy Services (CCS) are partnered to offer the best and most reliable services for students in Nepal who wish to pursue their study in Australia. CEN based in Kathmandu, provide professional services to students for visa requirements, documentation, IELTS preparation as well as college and course information. CCS is based in Sydney and assist students in placement at their desired college and course. CCS provides information on how to organize airport pick ups and accommodation. Once the student arrives in Australia CCS can assist with information on things such as how to find accommodation, how to find work, how to get a tax file number and getting around, in short everything you need. CCS is registered with the Office of Fair Trading of NSW and CEN is registered with the HMG of Nepal.
What CCS can offer to the students?
1. Provide information of higher education providers in Australia such as universities, colleges, TAFE and
private / business colleges.
2. Provide information about tuition fees, living expenses and other expenses to students
3. Ensure you get accepted in the choice of your field of study in a well known and recognized university or
college.
4. Once the student gets here, provide basic information such as how to get from one place to another, where
and how to do your basic need shopping, about emergency services such as police, fire and ambulance,
about customs and traditions in Australia.
5. Help you to find a lawyer/migration agent if need be while you are in Australia.
6. CCS does not charge any fee.
What CEN can offer to the students?
1. Provide information on various programs and courses offered by a range of Australian universities and
colleges.
2. Provide information on visa application processes and requirements to be met in order to be able to get
student visa.
3. Prepare you for IELTS and book your test.
4. Assist you to choose your college or university and organize offer letter through CCS.
5.Lodge your visa application and take care of all the correspondences with the Australia High Commission,
New Delhi .
6. Organize your travel ticket and other travel arrangement for Australia .
7. Confirm your airport pick up and accommodation arrangements for Australia.
So, what is my first step?
1. Register with the Contact Cosmic Education Nepal (CEN) and a representative of the CEN will guide you
through.
2. Will I have to pay anything for the services?
CEN will charge you a registration fee so that they can offer you a professional service in Nepal . Services
from CCS are free of cost.If you have further questions, please contact the representatives of Cosmic
Consultancy Services (CCS):
Please click the links below for relevant information about Australia :
a) About Immigration and Visa: http://www.immi.gov.au/
b) About Studies in Australia : http://www.studiesinaustralia.com/
c) About jobs in Australia :http://www.seek.com.au/
d) About Australia : http://www.australia.gov.au/
e) List of Australian Universities: http://www.australian-universities.com/list
f) List of Universities in Sydney : www.australian-universities.com/directory/sydney-universities
g) About student visa for Australia : www.immi.gov.au/study/overview/index.htm
h) Student Visa Documentation Requirement Checklist:
www.india.embassy.gov.au/immigrationstudent_visas.htm
IELTS - The International English Language Testing System
Written by Rad Danesh
Saturday, 12 June 2004
Not only has English become an international language; it is used by more and more people around the world as a medium of post-school study.
To help universities and colleges select students with sufficient English skills to succeed in their courses, The IELTS test was introduced in 1989 to assess “whether candidates are ready to train in the medium of English”. It is now used for this purpose around the globe.
Depending in the course of study that students plan to take, students must elect to sit either the Academic IELTS test or the General Training IELTS test. This choice must be made when applying to sit the test. The Academic IELTS test is necessary for students who plan to study at university (undergraduate or postgraduate courses), and will test the student’s ability both to understand and to use complex academic language. The General Training IELTS test is required by other institutions, such as colleges and high schools, for courses that require less complex language skills, and is also as a general test of English proficiency e.g. for immigration purposes in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
The Test Format
There are four sub-tests, or modules, to the IELTS test: Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking. Students must sit all four sub-tests. While all students take the same Listening and Speaking tests, they sit different Reading and Writing tests, depending on whether they have selected the Academic IELTS test or the General Training IELTS test.
On the day of the test, the four subsections will be taken in the following order:
Total Test Time
2 hours 45 minutes
The Speaking test may even take place a day or two later at some centres.
IELTS listening test lasts for about 30 minutes. It consists of four sections, played on cassette tape, in order of increasing difficulty. Each section might be a dialogue or a monologue. The test is played once only, and the questions for each section must be answered while listening, although time is given for students to check their answers.
IELTS Reading test lasts for 60 minutes. Students are given an Academic Reading test, or a General Training Reading test. Both tests consist of three sections, and in both tests the sections are in order of increasing difficulty.
IELTS Writing test also lasts for 60 minutes. Again, students take either an Academic test, or a General Training test. Students must perform two writing tasks, which require different styles of writing. There is no choice of question topics.
IELTS Speaking test consists of a one-to-one interview with a specially trained examiner. The examiner will lead the candidate through the three parts of the test:
An introduction and interview, an individual long turn where the candidate speaks for one or two minutes on a particular topic, and a two-way discussion thematically linked to the individual long turn. This interview will last for approximately 11-14 minutes.
What is IELTS?
IELTS is the International English Language Testing System.
IELTS conforms to the highest international standards of language assessment. It tests the four language skills – listening, reading, writing and speaking. IELTS is a secure, valid and reliable test of real-life ability to communicate in English for education, immigration and professional accreditation.
Candidates can sit an IELTS test in 500 locations around the world. This global test has the highest levels of quality control.
Find out more in the Test format and results section or download the IELTS Guide for Stakeholders.
Who owns IELTS?
IELTS is jointly managed by British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) and delivered through more than 500 locations in 120 countries.
University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) is the world's leading provider of exams for learners of English. Each year the exams are taken by around 1.5 million people, in 135 countries.
British Council connects people worldwide with the learning opportunities and creative ideas from the UK and builds lasting relationships between the UK and other countries. British Council is the UK's international organisation for educational opportunity and cultural relations and is represented in 109 countries worldwide.
IDP: IELTS Australia is Australia's international education organisation. It undertakes a broad range of activities from student advisory services and educational publications to project consultancy and English language teaching and testing.
IELTS is at the cutting edge of English language testing. The effectiveness of IELTS has been proven since 1989. IELTS test design has continued to incorporate advances in applied linguistics, language pedagogy, language assessment and technology.
Through decades of progressive change, IELTS has remained committed to assessing all four language skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking) with a face-to-face speaking component. This continues to set IELTS apart from other English language tests.
IELTS – a history of innovation
The forerunner to IELTS was the English Language Testing Service (ELTS) introduced in 1980. The test had an innovative format that reflected changes in language learning and teaching theory and developments in language testing. In particular, the ELTS was influenced by the growth in ‘communicative’ language learning and ‘English for specific purposes’. Test tasks were based on an analysis of the ways in which language was used in academic contexts and were intended to reflect the use of language in the ‘real world’.
Ongoing research and development by the British Council and UCLES EFL (now known as Cambridge ESOL) led to a revised testing system and broader international participation with the involvement of the International Development Program of Australian Universities and Colleges (IDP), now known as IDP Education Australia.
IDP, British Council and UCLES formed an international partnership, reflected in the new name for the test: The International English Language Testing System.
IELTS 1989 – 20 years of setting the standard
The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) first became operational in 1989. From 1989 IELTS candidates took two non-specialised modules, Listening and Speaking, and two specialised modules, Reading and Writing.
Further modifications to the test were implemented in April 1995. In keeping with this history of innovation, the IELTS partners continue to be committed to the ongoing development of the test. A revised IELTS Speaking Test was introduced in July 2001. New assessment criteria for the Writing Test were operational from January 2005. A computerised version of IELTS was also introduced in 2005 at a number of IELTS centres. Information on all these projects can be found in past issues of the IELTS Annual Review, and in Cambridge ESOL’s quarterly publication – Research Notes.
The current test retains many of the features of the 1980 ELTS including the emphasis on the comprehension of extended text in the receptive papers (Reading and Listening), and the direct testing of performance through a face-to-face Speaking test and the use of the essay and report formats in the Writing test.
Ongoing research and development
International teams of writers contribute to IELTS test materials. Ongoing research ensures that IELTS remains fair and unbiased – wherever and whenever the test is taken – and that IELTS encourages, reflects and respects international diversity and is fair to anyone who sits the test, regardless of nationality, background, gender or lifestyle.
The rigorous processes used to produce the test materials ensure that every version of the test is of a comparable level of difficulty, so that candidates’ results are consistent wherever and whenever they take the test.
These and the other benefits of IELTS today build on our history of English language testing over many decades.
For a more detailed history, click here.
FAQ about IELTS
1. What is IELTS?
IELTS is the International English Language Testing System which tests English proficiency across the globe. Conducting one million tests globally, IELTS is the world’s most popular English testing system.
2. Which organisations accept IELTS?
IELTS is accepted by more than 6000 organisations worldwide. These include universities, immigration departments, government agencies, professional bodies and multinational companies. To search for a recognising institution, use the IELTS Global Recognition System.
3. Who owns IELTS and who writes the test?
IELTS is jointly owned by British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) and offered through more than 500 locations in 120 countries. International teams of writers contribute to IELTS test materials. Ongoing research ensures that IELTS remains fair and unbiased. Test writers from different English-speaking countries develop IELTS content so it reflects real-life situations.
4. Why are there two versions of the test?
IELTS has two versions – Academic and General Training. The Academic test is for those who want to study at a tertiary level in an English-speaking country. The General Training test is for those who want to do work experience or training programs, secondary school or migrate to an English-speaking country. All candidates take the same Listening and Speaking tests but different Reading and Writing tests.
5. Which version should I do?
Read the explanation of the Academic and General Training tests, then contact the organisation or institution to which you are applying to find out what it requires. Note that you must know which version to take when you complete the IELTS Application Form.
6. What is the test format and how long will it take?
IELTS has four parts – Listening (30 minutes), Reading (60 minutes), Writing (60 minutes) and Speaking (11–14 minutes). The total test time is 2 hours and 45 minutes. The Listening, Reading and Writing tests are done in one sitting. The Speaking test may be on the same day or up to seven days before or after the other tests. Find out more and see a test sample.
The IELTS Official Practice Materials 2007 explains the test format in detail and gives you practice tests and answers. Order a copy online or through your local test centre.
7. What help is available for disabled candidates?
Test centres make every effort to cater for the special needs of disabled candidates. It is our aim for all candidates to be assessed fairly and objectively. If you have a special
need, talk to your local test centre when registering. Centres may need three months to organise arrangements. Find out more.
1. Where can I take IELTS?
You can take IELTS in over 500 locations worldwide. Search for your nearest test centre on the IELTS Worldwide Search. IELTS centres have friendly, helpful staff who will help you with the registration process.
2. When can I take IELTS?
IELTS is available on 48 fixed dates a year – up to four times a month, depending on local demand. Check all the test dates for the year or go to your nearest centre to see its next test date.
3. How much does it cost?
IELTS has a set fee for its test. The Academic and General Training tests are the same cost. To find out the test fee in your local currency, check the IELTS Worldwide Search for your nearest centre.
4. What if I need to postpone or cancel my application?
If you postpone or cancel your application more than 5 weeks before the test date, you will receive a refund minus an administration charge.
If you postpone or cancel within 5 weeks of the test date, you will be charged the full fee unless you have a medical reason. If you provide a medical certificate within 5 days of the test date, you will receive a refund minus the local administrative cost.
5. What if I am absent or sick on the test day?
If you are away on the test day with no prior notice, you will lose your full fee. However, if you provide a medical certificate within 5 days of the test date, you will receive a refund minus the local administrative cost.
2. 1. Is the IELTS test completed in one day?
The Listening, Reading and Writing components of the test are always completed immediately after each other and with no break. Depending on the test centre, the Speaking test may be taken up to 7 days either before or after the test date.
2. What if I am delayed by circumstances beyond my control (eg a transport strike)?
The test centre may offer you a test on the next available test date.
3. What can I bring into the examination room?
Only pens, pencils and erasers. You must bring the passport/national identity card you used on the IELTS Application Form to the test.
You must leave everything else outside the examination room. Mobile phones and pagers must be switched off and placed with personal belongings in the area designated by the supervisor. If you do not switch off your phone/pager or keep it on you, you will be disqualified. Find out more.
4. Which part do I take first?
You do the Listening test first following by the Reading and Writing components of the test. Depending on the test centre, the Speaking test may be taken up to 7 days either before or after the test date.
5. What kinds of accents can be heard in the Listening and Speaking tests?
As IELTS is an international test, a variety of English accents are used in both of these tests.
6. Does the Listening tape provide instructions and pauses?
Yes. At the beginning, you hear instructions and a sample question. Then you read section 1 questions, listen to section 1 and answer the questions.
The same procedure follows for sections 2, 3 and 4.
In the final 10 minutes, you transfer your answers onto the answer sheet.
7. Is there a similar period of 10 minutes in the Reading test to transfer answer?
No. The Reading test is one hour, and you must write all your answers on the answer sheet in this time.
8. Can I use a pen for the Listening and Reading tests?
No. You must do it in pencil. The answer sheet is scanned by a computer which cannot read pen.
9. Can I make notes on the Listening and Reading question papers?
Yes. The IELTS Examiner will not see your question paper.
10. What is the Speaking test?
The Speaking test is a conversation with a certified IELTS Examiner. The Speaking test is made up of three sections. It is recorded on an audiocassette or a digital recorder. Find out more.
11. What do I need for the Speaking test?
You must bring the same identification documents you supplied on your IELTS Application Form and used for the rest of the test. Your ID will be checked before you enter the interview room.
3. 1. How are the tests marked?
IELTS uses a 9-band scoring system to measure and report test scores in a consistent manner. You receive individual band scores for Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking and an Overall Band Score on a band scale from one to nine. Find out more.
2. Who sets the ‘pass’ mark for the IELTS test?
There is no pass or fail in IELTS. Scores are graded on the 9-band system. Each educational institution or organisation sets its own level of IELTS scores to meet its individual requirements. To find out more, search the IELTS Global Recognition System for specific organisations and scores.
3. When will I receive my test results?
You will receive your Test Report Form in the mail 13 days after your test date. Some test centres also provide SMS alerts and an Online Results Service. Keep your Test Report Form in a secure place as you only receive one copy. Find out more.
4. What if I lose my Test Report Form?
Test Report Forms are valid for two years. Copies cannot be sent to candidates but IELTS will forward a Test Report Form to your relevant institution or embassy. Up to five copies will be sent free of charge. Additional copies will incur a small administration charge. Talk to your test centre for further details.
5. How soon can I re-sit the test?
There is no limit on sitting the test. However, IELTS recommends you do additional study before taking the test again. Some test centres offer preparatory courses and language classes. You can also improve your skills by using the IELTS Official Practice Materials.
6. What if I feel my test result is wrong?
You can apply for an ‘enquiry on results’ procedure at your test centre within four weeks of receiving your results. You must pay an enquiry fee, which is fully refunded if your band score changes. Note that IELTS Examiners and markers follow strict assessment guidelines and are regularly monitored. The IELTS testing process has the highest quality control procedures.
About TOEFL
About the TOEFL® iBT
Take the TOEFL® test. Go anywhere.
If you are planning to study abroad, the TOEFL test is the one test that can take you anywhere.
In fact, more institutions accept TOEFL test scores than any other test scores in the world — more than 6,000 colleges, universities and licensing agencies in 136 countries, to be exact. See University Directory (PDF).
And, with more than 4,300 test centers worldwide, taking the test is convenient and easy.
Register now for the test.
Demonstrate your English-language skills.
The TOEFL iBT measures how well you read, listen, speak and write in English and use these skills together in the university classroom. For example, you might read a passage or listen to a lecture, and then write or speak about what you learned.
To become more familiar with how the TOEFL iBT is structured and what types of questions are on the test, see TOEFL iBT sample questions.
Why Take the TOEFL Test?
• No matter where in the world you want to study, the TOEFL test can help get you there. You will be eligible for admission to virtually any institution in the world — including the top colleges and universities in the U.S., Canada, U.K., Australia and New Zealand. See University Directory (PDF).
• The TOEFL test gives you more flexibility on when, where and how often you can take the test, and more practice tools and feedback, than any other English-language test in the world.
• You will be able to listen to lectures, view films, attend seminars, read textbooks, perform online research, speak with professors and other students, write academic papers, reports, e-mails and more.
FAQ for TOEFL
Registration
How and when do I register for the test?
Online registration is the easiest method. Registration is available 3-4 months before the test date. Register early as seats fill up quickly. You can also register by mail or by phone.
See registration information.
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Where and when can I take the TOEFL iBT?
See a list of locations and dates.
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How much does the TOEFL iBT cost?
Select a country for fee information.
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What if the TOEFL iBT is not offered in my location?
ETS offers the TOEFL Paper-based Test in areas where the TOEFL iBT is not available.
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Test Preparation
How can I prepare and practice for the Internet-based test?
ETS offers a variety of preparation and practice materials to help you do well on the TOEFL iBT.
Prepare now.
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Scores and Score Reports
How do I get my scores?
Scores are posted online 15 business days after the test date, then mailed to you and the institutions you selected.
Included with your registration fees are:
• 1 printed and 1 online score report for you
• up to 4 official score reports that ETS will send directly to the institutions or agencies you select when you register
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How do I order additional score reports?
The process is easy. For a small fee, you can send score reports to as many institutions as you choose.
See Send Additional Score Reports
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How long are scores valid?
ETS will report scores for 2 years after the test date.
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Will institutions accept scores from previous tests?
Check with each institution or agency directly.
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Test Delivery
How is the TOEFL iBT given?
The test is given on fixed dates, 30-40 times a year, at secure Internet-based test centers. The ETS testing network is the largest in the world. See a list of locations and dates.
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What is the TOEFL Internet-based test?
The test is given in English, has 4 sections on reading, listening, speaking and writing and takes about 4½ hours.
Section Time Limit No. of Questions
Reading 60-100 minutes 36-70
Listening 60-90 minutes 34-51
Break 10 minutes —
Speaking 20 minutes 6 tasks
Writing 50 minutes 2 tasks
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Can I take only 1 section of the test?
No. The entire test must be taken to receive a score. Read more on how the test is scored.
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Which computer keyboard is used for the TOEFL iBT?
QWERTY, the most common English-language keyboard is used. It takes its name from the first 6 letters at the top of the keyboard. Test takers should practice on a QWERTY keyboard before taking the TOEFL iBT.
Who is it for?
The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) measures the ability of nonnative speakers of English to use and understand North American English as it is spoken, written and heard in college and university settings. Most people who take the TOEFL test are planning to study at colleges and universities where instruction is in English. In addition, many government agencies, scholarship programs, and licensing/certification agencies use TOEFL scores to evaluate English proficiency.
Versions of the TOEFL® test
You can do the test on paper or on a computer, depending where you live. The test comes in two formats:
1. paper-based test (PBT)
2. next generation computer-based test (iBT)
The iBT is not yet available at every test center. If it is available at your local center then you will have to do it. If not you will do the PBT.
What is the TOEFL® test like?
The next generation TOEFL® iBT test has four sections:
1 Reading 3-5 passages, 12-14 questions each
Click here for a free practice test
60-100 mins
2 Listening 4-6 lectures, 6 questions each
2-3 conversations, 5 questions each
Click here for a free practice test
60-90 mins
3 Speaking 6 tasks, 2 independent and 2 integrated 20 mins
4 Writing 1 integrated task
1 independent task 50 mins
An integrated task is one where you have to use more than one skill. For example, you read about something, listen to a lecture, and then write about what you have heard and read.
The Paper-based test has the following format:
Time Limit No. of Questions
Listening Comprehension 30-40 minutes 50
Structure and Written Expression
Free practice tests
25 minutes 40
Reading Comprehension 55 minutes 50
Writing (Test of Written English) 30 minutes 1 topic
Click here to see a comparison of TOEFL scores with other exams.
Where do I take the test?
At a test center in your country. The test is organised by the Educational Testing Service. You can register for the TOEFL® iBT online.
Click here to register
How much does the TOEFL test cost to take?
Prices vary in each country, in the USA the test costs $150. In the UK the TOEFL ibt is $185 while the paper-based TOEFL is $150.
What materials do I need?
You can buy TOEFL materials here
Source: http://www.examenglish.com/TOEFL/index.php
TOEFL® - Test of English as a Foreign Language
Best one:
The TOEFL test is a requirement for admission into colleges and universities where instruction is in English. In addition, many government, licensing, and certification agencies, and exchange and scholarship programs use TOEFL scores to evaluate the English proficiency of people for whom English is not their native language.
The Test of English as a Foreign Language™ (TOEFL) measures the ability of nonnative speakers of English to use and understand English as it is spoken, written, and heard in college and university settings.The TOEFL test is offered in different formats depending on a test taker's location.
Most people take the TOEFL test as a prerequisite for admission into colleges and universities where English is used or required. In addition, many government, licensing, and certification agencies and exchange and scholarship programs use TOEFL scores to evaluate the English proficiency of people for whom English is not their native language.
Nonnative English speakers at the 11th-grade level or above should take the TOEFL test to provide evidence of their English proficiency before beginning academic work. The test content is considered too difficult for students below 11th grade.
Many institutions report that they frequently do not require TOEFL test scores of certain kinds of international applicants. These include:
• nonnative speakers who hold degrees or diplomas from postsecondary institutions in English-speaking countries (e.g., the United States, Canada, England, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand)
• nonnative speakers who have successfully completed at least a two-year course of study in which English was the language of instruction
• transfer students from institutions in the United States or Canada whose academic course work was favorably evaluated in relation to its demands and duration.
• nonnative speakers who have taken the TOEFL test within the past two years
• nonnative speakers who have successfully pursued academic work at schools where English was the language of instruction in an English-speaking country for a specified period, generally two years.
Students should contact their prospective institutions directly concerning their specific admission requirements.
Source: http://allabouttoefl.blogspot.com/
About SAT
The SAT Reasoning Test (formerly Scholastic Aptitude Test and Scholastic Assessment Test) is a standardized test for college admissions in the United States. The SAT is owned, published, and developed by the College Board, a non-profit organization in the United States, and was once developed, published, and scored by the Educational Testing Service (ETS).[1] ETS now administers the exam. The College Board claims that the SAT can determine whether or not a person is ready for college. The current SAT Reasoning Test takes three hours and forty-five minutes and costs $45 ($71 International), excluding late fees.[2] Since the SAT's introduction in 1901, its name and scoring has changed several times. In 2005, the test was renamed to the "SAT Reasoning Test" with possible scores from 600 to 2400 combining test results from three 800-point sections (math, critical reading, and writing), along with other subsections scored separately.[1]
Structure
SAT consists of three major sections: Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing. Each section receives a score on the scale of 200–800. All scores are multiples of 10. Total scores are calculated by adding up scores of the three sections. Each major section is divided into three parts. There are 10 sub-sections, including an additional 25-minute experimental or "equating" section that may be in any of the three major sections. The experimental section is used to normalize questions for future administrations of the SAT and does not count toward the final score. The test contains 5 hours of actual timed sections,[6] although most administrations, including orientation, distribution of materials, completion of biographical sections, and eleven minutes of timed breaks, run about four and a half hours long. The questions range from easy, medium, and hard depending on the scoring from the experimental sections. Easier questions typically appear closer to the beginning of the section while harder questions are towards the end in certain sections. This is not true for every section but it is the rule of thumb mainly for math and sentence completions and vocabulary.
[edit] Critical Reading
The Critical Reading, formerly verbal, section of the SAT is made up of three scored sections, two 25-minute sections and one 20-minute section, with varying types of questions, including sentence completions and questions about short and long reading passages. Critical Reading sections normally begin with 5 to 8 sentence completion questions; the remainder of the questions are focused on the reading passages. Sentence completions generally test the student's vocabulary and understanding of sentence structure and organization by requiring the student to select one or two words that best complete a given sentence. The bulk of the Critical Reading questions is made up of questions regarding reading passages, in which students read short excerpts on social sciences, humanities, physical sciences, or personal narratives and answer questions based on the passage. Certain sections contain passages asking the student to compare two related passages; generally, these consist of shorter reading passages. The number of questions about each passage is proportional to the length of the passage. Unlike in the Mathematics section, where questions go in the order of difficulty, questions in the Critical Reading section go in the order of the passage.
[edit] Mathematics
The Mathematics section of the SAT is widely known as the Quantitative Section or Calculation Section. The mathematics section consists of three scored sections. There are two 25-minute sections and one 20-minute section, as follows:
• One of the 25-minute sections is entirely multiple choice, with 20 questions.
• The other 25-minute section contains 8 multiple choice questions and 10 grid-in questions.
• The 20-minute section is all multiple choice, with 16 questions.
Notably, the SAT has done away with quantitative comparison questions on the math section, leaving only questions with straightforward symbolic or numerical answers. Since the quantitative comparison questions were well-known for their deceptive nature—often turning on the student's recognition of a single exception to a rule or pattern—this choice has been equated to a philosophical shift away from "trickery" and toward "straight math" on the SAT[citation needed]. Also, many test experts[who?] have attributed this change, like the addition of the new writing section, to an attempt to make the SAT more like the ACT.
[edit] Writing
Page 1 of an SAT essay. This student received a 7/12 from two judges, one giving 3/6 and the other giving 4/6.
Page 2 of the same essay.
The writing section of the SAT, based on but not directly comparable to the old SAT II subject test in writing, includes multiple choice questions and a brief essay. The essay subscore contributes about 30% towards the total writing score, with the multiple choice questions contributing 70%. This section was implemented in March 2005 following complaints from colleges about the lack of uniform examples of a student's writing ability.
The multiple choice questions include error identification questions, sentence improvement questions, and paragraph improvement questions. Error identification and sentence improvement questions test the student's knowledge of grammar, presenting an awkward or grammatically incorrect sentence; in the error identification section, the student must locate the word producing the source of the error or indicate that the sentence has no error, while the sentence improvement section requires the student to select an acceptable fix to the awkward sentence. The paragraph improvement questions test the student's understanding of logical organization of ideas, presenting a poorly written student essay and asking a series of questions as to what changes might be made to best improve it.
The essay section, which is always administered as the first section of the test, is 25 minutes long. All essays must be in response to a given prompt. The prompts are broad and often philosophical and are designed to be accessible to students regardless of their educational and social backgrounds. For instance, test takers may be asked to expound on such ideas as their opinion on the value of work in human life or whether technological change also carries negative consequences to those who benefit from it. No particular essay structure is required, and the College Board accepts examples "taken from [the student's] reading, studies, experience, or observations." Two trained readers assign each essay a score between 1 and 6, where a score of 0 is reserved for essays that are blank, off-topic, non-English, not written with a Number 2 pencil, or considered illegible after several attempts at reading. The scores are summed to produce a final score from 2 to 12 (or 0). If the two readers' scores differ by more than one point, then a senior third reader decides. The average time each reader/grader spends on each essay is less than 3 minutes. [7]
Despite the College Board's claims that the SAT Essay is a nonbiased assessment of a student's writing ability, many different claims of bias have surfaced, including claims that readers give higher points to those who write in cursive, writers who write about personal experiences are less likely to get higher scores, and that topics favor the higher social classes.[citation needed] The College Board strictly denies any forms of bias on all portions of the SAT Reasoning Exam. In addition, essays with factual errors were not penalized for the errors.
In March 2004 Dr. Les Perelman analyzed 15 scored sample essays contained in the College Board's Score Write book and found that 90% of essays that contained more than 400 words got the highest score of 12 and that the essays with 100 words or fewer got the lowest grade of 1.[7]
[edit] Style of questions
Most of the questions on the SAT are multiple choice; all multiple-choice questions have five answer choices, one of which is correct. The questions of each section of the same type are generally ordered by difficulty. However, an important exception exists: Questions that follow the long and short reading passages are organized chronologically, rather than by difficulty. Ten of the questions in one of the math sub-sections are not multiple choice. They instead require the test taker to bubble in a number in a four-column grid.
The questions are weighted equally. For each correct answer, one raw point is added. For each incorrect answer one-fourth of a point is deducted.[8] No points are deducted for incorrect math grid-in questions. This ensures that a student's mathematically expected gain from guessing is zero. The final score is derived from the raw score; the precise conversion chart varies between test administrations.
The SAT therefore recommends only making educated guesses, that is, when the test taker can eliminate at least one answer he or she thinks is wrong. Without eliminating any answers one's probability of answering correctly is 20%. Eliminating one wrong answer increases this probability to 25%; two, a 33.3% probability; three, a 50% probability of choosing the correct answer and thus earning the full point for the question.
Section Average Score Time (Minutes) Content
Writing 494 60 Grammar, usage, and diction.
Mathematics 515 70 Number and operations; algebra and functions; geometry; statistics, probability, and data analysis
Critical Reading 502 70 Critical reading and sentence-level reading
Worldwide Recognition
The degrees and qualifications from UK higher education institutions are known around the world as high quality and world class. The standard of excellence is set by some of the older universities with recognizable names, like Oxford and Cambridge, but the tradition carries through to many of the universities and colleges throughout the UK. When looking for work in the future, this can be a great selling point in your favour!
Education Costs are Lower
The cost of education for an international student in the UK can be lower compared to the USA and other countries. Some courses in the USA can be $25,000 plus a year in tuition alone. Tution for the majority of UK higher education institutions is in the region of £6,000 to £7,000 a year - considerably less!
You can also save a lot of money because your degree will generally take less time to complete in the UK than in other countries. Although four-year programs are increasing in popularity, most degree programs in the UK require a three-year course and a masters program is typically between one and two years. When you consider the shorter timeframe, the cost will be much lower if you only have to plan for three years instead of four or even five as in many other countries.
Although international students can manage their affairs so that their UK education is affordable, UK policymakers are taking note of an alarming trend in the cost of education for non-EU students. With exchange rates climbing, life in the UK can be quite expensive generally. In addition, unlike in many other EU countries, non-EU students are charged higher rates in the UK than students from EU countries. One recent study from the Higher Education Policy Institute warned that the UK must act to contain and reduce tuition and costs to stay competitive in the hunt for international students. At InternationalStudent.com, we are always cheered when policy-makers take note of the increasing costs of international education. As global competition for international students heats up, we’ll be watching for the UK to act aggressively to keep the UK a primary destination for international students.
Work Opportunities
An international student in the UK is typically allowed to work up to 20 hours a week during school term, and up to full-time when school is out of term. Of course, you should always check with your international advisor at your school before starting any work - you do not want to be in violation of your visa, and rules change all the time. Also, it is not always easy to find a job, so relying on work income to fund your education is not a good idea. Unless you have employment set up through your school before you arrive, you should plan to fund the entire first year of your studies without any employment income. Please visit our Visa and Immigration pages for more details on working in the UK as an international student.
Scholarships/ Loans
Financing an international education is always difficult. The best approach includes lots of preparation, careful analysis of your budget, and hard work in researching and applying for scholarships. There are a variety of scholarships and loans available to students who wish to study in the UK. Please visit our Financing/ Scholarships section for more detailed information, and also check out the following resources:
• UK Scholarship Search
• UK Loans for US Citizens
• Education UK Scholarship Database
Gateway to Europe
With the addition of the Channel Tunnel and low cost airlines such as EasyJet and Ryan Air, Europe is easier to access from the UK than ever. You can reach most areas of Europe from the UK within a few hours by train or direct flight. For example, if you are studying in London or Manchester and you want a weekend away in Italy, you can fly Ryan Air direct to Rome, Milan, Pisa, Genoa, Venice or several other cities in Italy. The direct flight would take around two hours and cost anywhere from 30 to 100 pounds, depending on when you travel and when you book. Visit our Getting Around section for more UK travel information.
Multicultural Nation
The UK is known for having a multicultural society with all religions and faiths represented in some way. With a racial, ethnic and religious jumble, the UK is very open to new traditions and cultures - something that is a great thing for students from other countries! You can also be sure that a place of worship will be easily accessible for most major religions - and for more information on this please see our Religion section or visit the following sites:
• Catholic Church in England
• Church of England (Protestant)
• Hindu Council UK
• Buddhist Society UK
• Islamic Society UK
• Judaism UK
Maybe you are looking for the very best education available in the world. Maybe you want to do competition with the excellent candidate. Maybe you want to deserve very professional career. Maybe you want to work with top professional. No problem! Whatever your reasons, but one thing is clear that your step in the USA which will help to gain your ambition.
Is not it true? You have read a lot about the USA every day in the news. Perhaps it is also true, you have watched Hollywood films, listened to US songs and music videos and talked to people from the USA. Perhaps it is also true that you want to become fluent in English and gain a deeper appreciation and understanding of US culture and heritage.
Hope! Your life in the USA will probably be different from what you have expected now. You may be pleasantly surprised to find that the colleges and universities and other infrastructure. Perhaps you will be surprised at your professors’ willingness to challenge authority. Academic freedom is one of the hallmarks of a U.S. university. You will notice different perspectives on instruction. In the U.S.A., students are trained to observe and analyze a problem, then solve it. You will be expected to listen to your classmates and challenge their points of view. The goal is pragmatic, so that you will gain confidence and the ability to organize and present an argument. It is the USA which appeals different thoughts, feelings, and impulses in study.
Dear students! USA offers several things for the international students: the most prestigious as well as top ranked education anywhere in the world, brilliant and experienced education and world’s counted certification. In fact, US classes are like… where multicultural students can explore themselves.
Why Study in the UK
Why should you choose the UK as a destination to further education? Does the UK welcomes so many students all over the world? What makes the United Kingdom stand out? Does it prepare you one of the competitive candidates for the professional world?
Yes, it is the United Kingdom that has been granting excellent education dating back hundreds of years. See the standard of excellence of some of the older universities with recognizable names, like Oxford and Cambridge, and other are the hallmark in the world. The United Kingdom has much to offer international students that perhaps other English-speaking countries cannot offer.
Are you worrying about the fee which UK colleges demands? No, the cost of education for an international student in the UK can be lower compared to the USA and other countries. Some courses in the USA can be $25,000 plus a year in tuition alone. Tution for the majority of UK higher education institutions is in the region of £6,000 to £7,000 a year - considerably less! Although international students can manage their affairs so that their UK education is affordable, UK policymakers are taking note of an alarming trend in the cost of education for non-EU students. With exchange rates climbing, life in the UK can be quite expensive generally. In addition, unlike in many other EU countries, non-EU students are charged higher rates in the UK than students from EU countries.
Study in Australia:
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Cosmic Education Nepal (CEN) and Cosmic Consultancy Services (CCS) are partnered to offer the best and most reliable services for students in Nepal who wish to pursue their study in Australia. CEN based in Kathmandu, provide professional services to students for visa requirements, documentation, IELTS preparation as well as college and course information. CCS is based in Sydney and assist students in placement at their desired college and course. CCS provides information on how to organize airport pick ups and accommodation. Once the student arrives in Australia CCS can assist with information on things such as how to find accommodation, how to find work, how to get a tax file number and getting around, in short everything you need. CCS is registered with the Office of Fair Trading of NSW and CEN is registered with the HMG of Nepal.
What CCS can offer to the students?
1. Provide information of higher education providers in Australia such as universities, colleges, TAFE and
private / business colleges.
2. Provide information about tuition fees, living expenses and other expenses to students
3. Ensure you get accepted in the choice of your field of study in a well known and recognized university or
college.
4. Once the student gets here, provide basic information such as how to get from one place to another, where
and how to do your basic need shopping, about emergency services such as police, fire and ambulance,
about customs and traditions in Australia.
5. Help you to find a lawyer/migration agent if need be while you are in Australia.
6. CCS does not charge any fee.
What CEN can offer to the students?
1. Provide information on various programs and courses offered by a range of Australian universities and
colleges.
2. Provide information on visa application processes and requirements to be met in order to be able to get
student visa.
3. Prepare you for IELTS and book your test.
4. Assist you to choose your college or university and organize offer letter through CCS.
5.Lodge your visa application and take care of all the correspondences with the Australia High Commission,
New Delhi .
6. Organize your travel ticket and other travel arrangement for Australia .
7. Confirm your airport pick up and accommodation arrangements for Australia.
So, what is my first step?
1. Register with the Contact Cosmic Education Nepal (CEN) and a representative of the CEN will guide you
through.
2. Will I have to pay anything for the services?
CEN will charge you a registration fee so that they can offer you a professional service in Nepal . Services
from CCS are free of cost.If you have further questions, please contact the representatives of Cosmic
Consultancy Services (CCS):
Please click the links below for relevant information about Australia :
a) About Immigration and Visa: http://www.immi.gov.au/
b) About Studies in Australia : http://www.studiesinaustralia.com/
c) About jobs in Australia :http://www.seek.com.au/
d) About Australia : http://www.australia.gov.au/
e) List of Australian Universities: http://www.australian-universities.com/list
f) List of Universities in Sydney : www.australian-universities.com/directory/sydney-universities
g) About student visa for Australia : www.immi.gov.au/study/overview/index.htm
h) Student Visa Documentation Requirement Checklist:
www.india.embassy.gov.au/immigrationstudent_visas.htm
IELTS - The International English Language Testing System
Written by Rad Danesh
Saturday, 12 June 2004
Not only has English become an international language; it is used by more and more people around the world as a medium of post-school study.
To help universities and colleges select students with sufficient English skills to succeed in their courses, The IELTS test was introduced in 1989 to assess “whether candidates are ready to train in the medium of English”. It is now used for this purpose around the globe.
Depending in the course of study that students plan to take, students must elect to sit either the Academic IELTS test or the General Training IELTS test. This choice must be made when applying to sit the test. The Academic IELTS test is necessary for students who plan to study at university (undergraduate or postgraduate courses), and will test the student’s ability both to understand and to use complex academic language. The General Training IELTS test is required by other institutions, such as colleges and high schools, for courses that require less complex language skills, and is also as a general test of English proficiency e.g. for immigration purposes in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
The Test Format
There are four sub-tests, or modules, to the IELTS test: Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking. Students must sit all four sub-tests. While all students take the same Listening and Speaking tests, they sit different Reading and Writing tests, depending on whether they have selected the Academic IELTS test or the General Training IELTS test.
On the day of the test, the four subsections will be taken in the following order:
Total Test Time
2 hours 45 minutes
The Speaking test may even take place a day or two later at some centres.
IELTS listening test lasts for about 30 minutes. It consists of four sections, played on cassette tape, in order of increasing difficulty. Each section might be a dialogue or a monologue. The test is played once only, and the questions for each section must be answered while listening, although time is given for students to check their answers.
IELTS Reading test lasts for 60 minutes. Students are given an Academic Reading test, or a General Training Reading test. Both tests consist of three sections, and in both tests the sections are in order of increasing difficulty.
IELTS Writing test also lasts for 60 minutes. Again, students take either an Academic test, or a General Training test. Students must perform two writing tasks, which require different styles of writing. There is no choice of question topics.
IELTS Speaking test consists of a one-to-one interview with a specially trained examiner. The examiner will lead the candidate through the three parts of the test:
An introduction and interview, an individual long turn where the candidate speaks for one or two minutes on a particular topic, and a two-way discussion thematically linked to the individual long turn. This interview will last for approximately 11-14 minutes.
What is IELTS?
IELTS is the International English Language Testing System.
IELTS conforms to the highest international standards of language assessment. It tests the four language skills – listening, reading, writing and speaking. IELTS is a secure, valid and reliable test of real-life ability to communicate in English for education, immigration and professional accreditation.
Candidates can sit an IELTS test in 500 locations around the world. This global test has the highest levels of quality control.
Find out more in the Test format and results section or download the IELTS Guide for Stakeholders.
Who owns IELTS?
IELTS is jointly managed by British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) and delivered through more than 500 locations in 120 countries.
University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) is the world's leading provider of exams for learners of English. Each year the exams are taken by around 1.5 million people, in 135 countries.
British Council connects people worldwide with the learning opportunities and creative ideas from the UK and builds lasting relationships between the UK and other countries. British Council is the UK's international organisation for educational opportunity and cultural relations and is represented in 109 countries worldwide.
IDP: IELTS Australia is Australia's international education organisation. It undertakes a broad range of activities from student advisory services and educational publications to project consultancy and English language teaching and testing.
IELTS is at the cutting edge of English language testing. The effectiveness of IELTS has been proven since 1989. IELTS test design has continued to incorporate advances in applied linguistics, language pedagogy, language assessment and technology.
Through decades of progressive change, IELTS has remained committed to assessing all four language skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking) with a face-to-face speaking component. This continues to set IELTS apart from other English language tests.
IELTS – a history of innovation
The forerunner to IELTS was the English Language Testing Service (ELTS) introduced in 1980. The test had an innovative format that reflected changes in language learning and teaching theory and developments in language testing. In particular, the ELTS was influenced by the growth in ‘communicative’ language learning and ‘English for specific purposes’. Test tasks were based on an analysis of the ways in which language was used in academic contexts and were intended to reflect the use of language in the ‘real world’.
Ongoing research and development by the British Council and UCLES EFL (now known as Cambridge ESOL) led to a revised testing system and broader international participation with the involvement of the International Development Program of Australian Universities and Colleges (IDP), now known as IDP Education Australia.
IDP, British Council and UCLES formed an international partnership, reflected in the new name for the test: The International English Language Testing System.
IELTS 1989 – 20 years of setting the standard
The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) first became operational in 1989. From 1989 IELTS candidates took two non-specialised modules, Listening and Speaking, and two specialised modules, Reading and Writing.
Further modifications to the test were implemented in April 1995. In keeping with this history of innovation, the IELTS partners continue to be committed to the ongoing development of the test. A revised IELTS Speaking Test was introduced in July 2001. New assessment criteria for the Writing Test were operational from January 2005. A computerised version of IELTS was also introduced in 2005 at a number of IELTS centres. Information on all these projects can be found in past issues of the IELTS Annual Review, and in Cambridge ESOL’s quarterly publication – Research Notes.
The current test retains many of the features of the 1980 ELTS including the emphasis on the comprehension of extended text in the receptive papers (Reading and Listening), and the direct testing of performance through a face-to-face Speaking test and the use of the essay and report formats in the Writing test.
Ongoing research and development
International teams of writers contribute to IELTS test materials. Ongoing research ensures that IELTS remains fair and unbiased – wherever and whenever the test is taken – and that IELTS encourages, reflects and respects international diversity and is fair to anyone who sits the test, regardless of nationality, background, gender or lifestyle.
The rigorous processes used to produce the test materials ensure that every version of the test is of a comparable level of difficulty, so that candidates’ results are consistent wherever and whenever they take the test.
These and the other benefits of IELTS today build on our history of English language testing over many decades.
For a more detailed history, click here.
FAQ about IELTS
1. What is IELTS?
IELTS is the International English Language Testing System which tests English proficiency across the globe. Conducting one million tests globally, IELTS is the world’s most popular English testing system.
2. Which organisations accept IELTS?
IELTS is accepted by more than 6000 organisations worldwide. These include universities, immigration departments, government agencies, professional bodies and multinational companies. To search for a recognising institution, use the IELTS Global Recognition System.
3. Who owns IELTS and who writes the test?
IELTS is jointly owned by British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) and offered through more than 500 locations in 120 countries. International teams of writers contribute to IELTS test materials. Ongoing research ensures that IELTS remains fair and unbiased. Test writers from different English-speaking countries develop IELTS content so it reflects real-life situations.
4. Why are there two versions of the test?
IELTS has two versions – Academic and General Training. The Academic test is for those who want to study at a tertiary level in an English-speaking country. The General Training test is for those who want to do work experience or training programs, secondary school or migrate to an English-speaking country. All candidates take the same Listening and Speaking tests but different Reading and Writing tests.
5. Which version should I do?
Read the explanation of the Academic and General Training tests, then contact the organisation or institution to which you are applying to find out what it requires. Note that you must know which version to take when you complete the IELTS Application Form.
6. What is the test format and how long will it take?
IELTS has four parts – Listening (30 minutes), Reading (60 minutes), Writing (60 minutes) and Speaking (11–14 minutes). The total test time is 2 hours and 45 minutes. The Listening, Reading and Writing tests are done in one sitting. The Speaking test may be on the same day or up to seven days before or after the other tests. Find out more and see a test sample.
The IELTS Official Practice Materials 2007 explains the test format in detail and gives you practice tests and answers. Order a copy online or through your local test centre.
7. What help is available for disabled candidates?
Test centres make every effort to cater for the special needs of disabled candidates. It is our aim for all candidates to be assessed fairly and objectively. If you have a special
need, talk to your local test centre when registering. Centres may need three months to organise arrangements. Find out more.
1. Where can I take IELTS?
You can take IELTS in over 500 locations worldwide. Search for your nearest test centre on the IELTS Worldwide Search. IELTS centres have friendly, helpful staff who will help you with the registration process.
2. When can I take IELTS?
IELTS is available on 48 fixed dates a year – up to four times a month, depending on local demand. Check all the test dates for the year or go to your nearest centre to see its next test date.
3. How much does it cost?
IELTS has a set fee for its test. The Academic and General Training tests are the same cost. To find out the test fee in your local currency, check the IELTS Worldwide Search for your nearest centre.
4. What if I need to postpone or cancel my application?
If you postpone or cancel your application more than 5 weeks before the test date, you will receive a refund minus an administration charge.
If you postpone or cancel within 5 weeks of the test date, you will be charged the full fee unless you have a medical reason. If you provide a medical certificate within 5 days of the test date, you will receive a refund minus the local administrative cost.
5. What if I am absent or sick on the test day?
If you are away on the test day with no prior notice, you will lose your full fee. However, if you provide a medical certificate within 5 days of the test date, you will receive a refund minus the local administrative cost.
2. 1. Is the IELTS test completed in one day?
The Listening, Reading and Writing components of the test are always completed immediately after each other and with no break. Depending on the test centre, the Speaking test may be taken up to 7 days either before or after the test date.
2. What if I am delayed by circumstances beyond my control (eg a transport strike)?
The test centre may offer you a test on the next available test date.
3. What can I bring into the examination room?
Only pens, pencils and erasers. You must bring the passport/national identity card you used on the IELTS Application Form to the test.
You must leave everything else outside the examination room. Mobile phones and pagers must be switched off and placed with personal belongings in the area designated by the supervisor. If you do not switch off your phone/pager or keep it on you, you will be disqualified. Find out more.
4. Which part do I take first?
You do the Listening test first following by the Reading and Writing components of the test. Depending on the test centre, the Speaking test may be taken up to 7 days either before or after the test date.
5. What kinds of accents can be heard in the Listening and Speaking tests?
As IELTS is an international test, a variety of English accents are used in both of these tests.
6. Does the Listening tape provide instructions and pauses?
Yes. At the beginning, you hear instructions and a sample question. Then you read section 1 questions, listen to section 1 and answer the questions.
The same procedure follows for sections 2, 3 and 4.
In the final 10 minutes, you transfer your answers onto the answer sheet.
7. Is there a similar period of 10 minutes in the Reading test to transfer answer?
No. The Reading test is one hour, and you must write all your answers on the answer sheet in this time.
8. Can I use a pen for the Listening and Reading tests?
No. You must do it in pencil. The answer sheet is scanned by a computer which cannot read pen.
9. Can I make notes on the Listening and Reading question papers?
Yes. The IELTS Examiner will not see your question paper.
10. What is the Speaking test?
The Speaking test is a conversation with a certified IELTS Examiner. The Speaking test is made up of three sections. It is recorded on an audiocassette or a digital recorder. Find out more.
11. What do I need for the Speaking test?
You must bring the same identification documents you supplied on your IELTS Application Form and used for the rest of the test. Your ID will be checked before you enter the interview room.
3. 1. How are the tests marked?
IELTS uses a 9-band scoring system to measure and report test scores in a consistent manner. You receive individual band scores for Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking and an Overall Band Score on a band scale from one to nine. Find out more.
2. Who sets the ‘pass’ mark for the IELTS test?
There is no pass or fail in IELTS. Scores are graded on the 9-band system. Each educational institution or organisation sets its own level of IELTS scores to meet its individual requirements. To find out more, search the IELTS Global Recognition System for specific organisations and scores.
3. When will I receive my test results?
You will receive your Test Report Form in the mail 13 days after your test date. Some test centres also provide SMS alerts and an Online Results Service. Keep your Test Report Form in a secure place as you only receive one copy. Find out more.
4. What if I lose my Test Report Form?
Test Report Forms are valid for two years. Copies cannot be sent to candidates but IELTS will forward a Test Report Form to your relevant institution or embassy. Up to five copies will be sent free of charge. Additional copies will incur a small administration charge. Talk to your test centre for further details.
5. How soon can I re-sit the test?
There is no limit on sitting the test. However, IELTS recommends you do additional study before taking the test again. Some test centres offer preparatory courses and language classes. You can also improve your skills by using the IELTS Official Practice Materials.
6. What if I feel my test result is wrong?
You can apply for an ‘enquiry on results’ procedure at your test centre within four weeks of receiving your results. You must pay an enquiry fee, which is fully refunded if your band score changes. Note that IELTS Examiners and markers follow strict assessment guidelines and are regularly monitored. The IELTS testing process has the highest quality control procedures.
About TOEFL
About the TOEFL® iBT
Take the TOEFL® test. Go anywhere.
If you are planning to study abroad, the TOEFL test is the one test that can take you anywhere.
In fact, more institutions accept TOEFL test scores than any other test scores in the world — more than 6,000 colleges, universities and licensing agencies in 136 countries, to be exact. See University Directory (PDF).
And, with more than 4,300 test centers worldwide, taking the test is convenient and easy.
Register now for the test.
Demonstrate your English-language skills.
The TOEFL iBT measures how well you read, listen, speak and write in English and use these skills together in the university classroom. For example, you might read a passage or listen to a lecture, and then write or speak about what you learned.
To become more familiar with how the TOEFL iBT is structured and what types of questions are on the test, see TOEFL iBT sample questions.
Why Take the TOEFL Test?
• No matter where in the world you want to study, the TOEFL test can help get you there. You will be eligible for admission to virtually any institution in the world — including the top colleges and universities in the U.S., Canada, U.K., Australia and New Zealand. See University Directory (PDF).
• The TOEFL test gives you more flexibility on when, where and how often you can take the test, and more practice tools and feedback, than any other English-language test in the world.
• You will be able to listen to lectures, view films, attend seminars, read textbooks, perform online research, speak with professors and other students, write academic papers, reports, e-mails and more.
FAQ for TOEFL
Registration
How and when do I register for the test?
Online registration is the easiest method. Registration is available 3-4 months before the test date. Register early as seats fill up quickly. You can also register by mail or by phone.
See registration information.
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Where and when can I take the TOEFL iBT?
See a list of locations and dates.
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How much does the TOEFL iBT cost?
Select a country for fee information.
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What if the TOEFL iBT is not offered in my location?
ETS offers the TOEFL Paper-based Test in areas where the TOEFL iBT is not available.
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Test Preparation
How can I prepare and practice for the Internet-based test?
ETS offers a variety of preparation and practice materials to help you do well on the TOEFL iBT.
Prepare now.
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Scores and Score Reports
How do I get my scores?
Scores are posted online 15 business days after the test date, then mailed to you and the institutions you selected.
Included with your registration fees are:
• 1 printed and 1 online score report for you
• up to 4 official score reports that ETS will send directly to the institutions or agencies you select when you register
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How do I order additional score reports?
The process is easy. For a small fee, you can send score reports to as many institutions as you choose.
See Send Additional Score Reports
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How long are scores valid?
ETS will report scores for 2 years after the test date.
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Will institutions accept scores from previous tests?
Check with each institution or agency directly.
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Test Delivery
How is the TOEFL iBT given?
The test is given on fixed dates, 30-40 times a year, at secure Internet-based test centers. The ETS testing network is the largest in the world. See a list of locations and dates.
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What is the TOEFL Internet-based test?
The test is given in English, has 4 sections on reading, listening, speaking and writing and takes about 4½ hours.
Section Time Limit No. of Questions
Reading 60-100 minutes 36-70
Listening 60-90 minutes 34-51
Break 10 minutes —
Speaking 20 minutes 6 tasks
Writing 50 minutes 2 tasks
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Can I take only 1 section of the test?
No. The entire test must be taken to receive a score. Read more on how the test is scored.
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Which computer keyboard is used for the TOEFL iBT?
QWERTY, the most common English-language keyboard is used. It takes its name from the first 6 letters at the top of the keyboard. Test takers should practice on a QWERTY keyboard before taking the TOEFL iBT.
Who is it for?
The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) measures the ability of nonnative speakers of English to use and understand North American English as it is spoken, written and heard in college and university settings. Most people who take the TOEFL test are planning to study at colleges and universities where instruction is in English. In addition, many government agencies, scholarship programs, and licensing/certification agencies use TOEFL scores to evaluate English proficiency.
Versions of the TOEFL® test
You can do the test on paper or on a computer, depending where you live. The test comes in two formats:
1. paper-based test (PBT)
2. next generation computer-based test (iBT)
The iBT is not yet available at every test center. If it is available at your local center then you will have to do it. If not you will do the PBT.
What is the TOEFL® test like?
The next generation TOEFL® iBT test has four sections:
1 Reading 3-5 passages, 12-14 questions each
Click here for a free practice test
60-100 mins
2 Listening 4-6 lectures, 6 questions each
2-3 conversations, 5 questions each
Click here for a free practice test
60-90 mins
3 Speaking 6 tasks, 2 independent and 2 integrated 20 mins
4 Writing 1 integrated task
1 independent task 50 mins
An integrated task is one where you have to use more than one skill. For example, you read about something, listen to a lecture, and then write about what you have heard and read.
The Paper-based test has the following format:
Time Limit No. of Questions
Listening Comprehension 30-40 minutes 50
Structure and Written Expression
Free practice tests
25 minutes 40
Reading Comprehension 55 minutes 50
Writing (Test of Written English) 30 minutes 1 topic
Click here to see a comparison of TOEFL scores with other exams.
Where do I take the test?
At a test center in your country. The test is organised by the Educational Testing Service. You can register for the TOEFL® iBT online.
Click here to register
How much does the TOEFL test cost to take?
Prices vary in each country, in the USA the test costs $150. In the UK the TOEFL ibt is $185 while the paper-based TOEFL is $150.
What materials do I need?
You can buy TOEFL materials here
Source: http://www.examenglish.com/TOEFL/index.php
TOEFL® - Test of English as a Foreign Language
Best one:
The TOEFL test is a requirement for admission into colleges and universities where instruction is in English. In addition, many government, licensing, and certification agencies, and exchange and scholarship programs use TOEFL scores to evaluate the English proficiency of people for whom English is not their native language.
The Test of English as a Foreign Language™ (TOEFL) measures the ability of nonnative speakers of English to use and understand English as it is spoken, written, and heard in college and university settings.The TOEFL test is offered in different formats depending on a test taker's location.
Most people take the TOEFL test as a prerequisite for admission into colleges and universities where English is used or required. In addition, many government, licensing, and certification agencies and exchange and scholarship programs use TOEFL scores to evaluate the English proficiency of people for whom English is not their native language.
Nonnative English speakers at the 11th-grade level or above should take the TOEFL test to provide evidence of their English proficiency before beginning academic work. The test content is considered too difficult for students below 11th grade.
Many institutions report that they frequently do not require TOEFL test scores of certain kinds of international applicants. These include:
• nonnative speakers who hold degrees or diplomas from postsecondary institutions in English-speaking countries (e.g., the United States, Canada, England, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand)
• nonnative speakers who have successfully completed at least a two-year course of study in which English was the language of instruction
• transfer students from institutions in the United States or Canada whose academic course work was favorably evaluated in relation to its demands and duration.
• nonnative speakers who have taken the TOEFL test within the past two years
• nonnative speakers who have successfully pursued academic work at schools where English was the language of instruction in an English-speaking country for a specified period, generally two years.
Students should contact their prospective institutions directly concerning their specific admission requirements.
Source: http://allabouttoefl.blogspot.com/
About SAT
The SAT Reasoning Test (formerly Scholastic Aptitude Test and Scholastic Assessment Test) is a standardized test for college admissions in the United States. The SAT is owned, published, and developed by the College Board, a non-profit organization in the United States, and was once developed, published, and scored by the Educational Testing Service (ETS).[1] ETS now administers the exam. The College Board claims that the SAT can determine whether or not a person is ready for college. The current SAT Reasoning Test takes three hours and forty-five minutes and costs $45 ($71 International), excluding late fees.[2] Since the SAT's introduction in 1901, its name and scoring has changed several times. In 2005, the test was renamed to the "SAT Reasoning Test" with possible scores from 600 to 2400 combining test results from three 800-point sections (math, critical reading, and writing), along with other subsections scored separately.[1]
Structure
SAT consists of three major sections: Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing. Each section receives a score on the scale of 200–800. All scores are multiples of 10. Total scores are calculated by adding up scores of the three sections. Each major section is divided into three parts. There are 10 sub-sections, including an additional 25-minute experimental or "equating" section that may be in any of the three major sections. The experimental section is used to normalize questions for future administrations of the SAT and does not count toward the final score. The test contains 5 hours of actual timed sections,[6] although most administrations, including orientation, distribution of materials, completion of biographical sections, and eleven minutes of timed breaks, run about four and a half hours long. The questions range from easy, medium, and hard depending on the scoring from the experimental sections. Easier questions typically appear closer to the beginning of the section while harder questions are towards the end in certain sections. This is not true for every section but it is the rule of thumb mainly for math and sentence completions and vocabulary.
[edit] Critical Reading
The Critical Reading, formerly verbal, section of the SAT is made up of three scored sections, two 25-minute sections and one 20-minute section, with varying types of questions, including sentence completions and questions about short and long reading passages. Critical Reading sections normally begin with 5 to 8 sentence completion questions; the remainder of the questions are focused on the reading passages. Sentence completions generally test the student's vocabulary and understanding of sentence structure and organization by requiring the student to select one or two words that best complete a given sentence. The bulk of the Critical Reading questions is made up of questions regarding reading passages, in which students read short excerpts on social sciences, humanities, physical sciences, or personal narratives and answer questions based on the passage. Certain sections contain passages asking the student to compare two related passages; generally, these consist of shorter reading passages. The number of questions about each passage is proportional to the length of the passage. Unlike in the Mathematics section, where questions go in the order of difficulty, questions in the Critical Reading section go in the order of the passage.
[edit] Mathematics
The Mathematics section of the SAT is widely known as the Quantitative Section or Calculation Section. The mathematics section consists of three scored sections. There are two 25-minute sections and one 20-minute section, as follows:
• One of the 25-minute sections is entirely multiple choice, with 20 questions.
• The other 25-minute section contains 8 multiple choice questions and 10 grid-in questions.
• The 20-minute section is all multiple choice, with 16 questions.
Notably, the SAT has done away with quantitative comparison questions on the math section, leaving only questions with straightforward symbolic or numerical answers. Since the quantitative comparison questions were well-known for their deceptive nature—often turning on the student's recognition of a single exception to a rule or pattern—this choice has been equated to a philosophical shift away from "trickery" and toward "straight math" on the SAT[citation needed]. Also, many test experts[who?] have attributed this change, like the addition of the new writing section, to an attempt to make the SAT more like the ACT.
[edit] Writing
Page 1 of an SAT essay. This student received a 7/12 from two judges, one giving 3/6 and the other giving 4/6.
Page 2 of the same essay.
The writing section of the SAT, based on but not directly comparable to the old SAT II subject test in writing, includes multiple choice questions and a brief essay. The essay subscore contributes about 30% towards the total writing score, with the multiple choice questions contributing 70%. This section was implemented in March 2005 following complaints from colleges about the lack of uniform examples of a student's writing ability.
The multiple choice questions include error identification questions, sentence improvement questions, and paragraph improvement questions. Error identification and sentence improvement questions test the student's knowledge of grammar, presenting an awkward or grammatically incorrect sentence; in the error identification section, the student must locate the word producing the source of the error or indicate that the sentence has no error, while the sentence improvement section requires the student to select an acceptable fix to the awkward sentence. The paragraph improvement questions test the student's understanding of logical organization of ideas, presenting a poorly written student essay and asking a series of questions as to what changes might be made to best improve it.
The essay section, which is always administered as the first section of the test, is 25 minutes long. All essays must be in response to a given prompt. The prompts are broad and often philosophical and are designed to be accessible to students regardless of their educational and social backgrounds. For instance, test takers may be asked to expound on such ideas as their opinion on the value of work in human life or whether technological change also carries negative consequences to those who benefit from it. No particular essay structure is required, and the College Board accepts examples "taken from [the student's] reading, studies, experience, or observations." Two trained readers assign each essay a score between 1 and 6, where a score of 0 is reserved for essays that are blank, off-topic, non-English, not written with a Number 2 pencil, or considered illegible after several attempts at reading. The scores are summed to produce a final score from 2 to 12 (or 0). If the two readers' scores differ by more than one point, then a senior third reader decides. The average time each reader/grader spends on each essay is less than 3 minutes. [7]
Despite the College Board's claims that the SAT Essay is a nonbiased assessment of a student's writing ability, many different claims of bias have surfaced, including claims that readers give higher points to those who write in cursive, writers who write about personal experiences are less likely to get higher scores, and that topics favor the higher social classes.[citation needed] The College Board strictly denies any forms of bias on all portions of the SAT Reasoning Exam. In addition, essays with factual errors were not penalized for the errors.
In March 2004 Dr. Les Perelman analyzed 15 scored sample essays contained in the College Board's Score Write book and found that 90% of essays that contained more than 400 words got the highest score of 12 and that the essays with 100 words or fewer got the lowest grade of 1.[7]
[edit] Style of questions
Most of the questions on the SAT are multiple choice; all multiple-choice questions have five answer choices, one of which is correct. The questions of each section of the same type are generally ordered by difficulty. However, an important exception exists: Questions that follow the long and short reading passages are organized chronologically, rather than by difficulty. Ten of the questions in one of the math sub-sections are not multiple choice. They instead require the test taker to bubble in a number in a four-column grid.
The questions are weighted equally. For each correct answer, one raw point is added. For each incorrect answer one-fourth of a point is deducted.[8] No points are deducted for incorrect math grid-in questions. This ensures that a student's mathematically expected gain from guessing is zero. The final score is derived from the raw score; the precise conversion chart varies between test administrations.
The SAT therefore recommends only making educated guesses, that is, when the test taker can eliminate at least one answer he or she thinks is wrong. Without eliminating any answers one's probability of answering correctly is 20%. Eliminating one wrong answer increases this probability to 25%; two, a 33.3% probability; three, a 50% probability of choosing the correct answer and thus earning the full point for the question.
Section Average Score Time (Minutes) Content
Writing 494 60 Grammar, usage, and diction.
Mathematics 515 70 Number and operations; algebra and functions; geometry; statistics, probability, and data analysis
Critical Reading 502 70 Critical reading and sentence-level reading
Worldwide Recognition
The degrees and qualifications from UK higher education institutions are known around the world as high quality and world class. The standard of excellence is set by some of the older universities with recognizable names, like Oxford and Cambridge, but the tradition carries through to many of the universities and colleges throughout the UK. When looking for work in the future, this can be a great selling point in your favour!
Education Costs are Lower
The cost of education for an international student in the UK can be lower compared to the USA and other countries. Some courses in the USA can be $25,000 plus a year in tuition alone. Tution for the majority of UK higher education institutions is in the region of £6,000 to £7,000 a year - considerably less!
You can also save a lot of money because your degree will generally take less time to complete in the UK than in other countries. Although four-year programs are increasing in popularity, most degree programs in the UK require a three-year course and a masters program is typically between one and two years. When you consider the shorter timeframe, the cost will be much lower if you only have to plan for three years instead of four or even five as in many other countries.
Although international students can manage their affairs so that their UK education is affordable, UK policymakers are taking note of an alarming trend in the cost of education for non-EU students. With exchange rates climbing, life in the UK can be quite expensive generally. In addition, unlike in many other EU countries, non-EU students are charged higher rates in the UK than students from EU countries. One recent study from the Higher Education Policy Institute warned that the UK must act to contain and reduce tuition and costs to stay competitive in the hunt for international students. At InternationalStudent.com, we are always cheered when policy-makers take note of the increasing costs of international education. As global competition for international students heats up, we’ll be watching for the UK to act aggressively to keep the UK a primary destination for international students.
Work Opportunities
An international student in the UK is typically allowed to work up to 20 hours a week during school term, and up to full-time when school is out of term. Of course, you should always check with your international advisor at your school before starting any work - you do not want to be in violation of your visa, and rules change all the time. Also, it is not always easy to find a job, so relying on work income to fund your education is not a good idea. Unless you have employment set up through your school before you arrive, you should plan to fund the entire first year of your studies without any employment income. Please visit our Visa and Immigration pages for more details on working in the UK as an international student.
Scholarships/ Loans
Financing an international education is always difficult. The best approach includes lots of preparation, careful analysis of your budget, and hard work in researching and applying for scholarships. There are a variety of scholarships and loans available to students who wish to study in the UK. Please visit our Financing/ Scholarships section for more detailed information, and also check out the following resources:
• UK Scholarship Search
• UK Loans for US Citizens
• Education UK Scholarship Database
Gateway to Europe
With the addition of the Channel Tunnel and low cost airlines such as EasyJet and Ryan Air, Europe is easier to access from the UK than ever. You can reach most areas of Europe from the UK within a few hours by train or direct flight. For example, if you are studying in London or Manchester and you want a weekend away in Italy, you can fly Ryan Air direct to Rome, Milan, Pisa, Genoa, Venice or several other cities in Italy. The direct flight would take around two hours and cost anywhere from 30 to 100 pounds, depending on when you travel and when you book. Visit our Getting Around section for more UK travel information.
Multicultural Nation
The UK is known for having a multicultural society with all religions and faiths represented in some way. With a racial, ethnic and religious jumble, the UK is very open to new traditions and cultures - something that is a great thing for students from other countries! You can also be sure that a place of worship will be easily accessible for most major religions - and for more information on this please see our Religion section or visit the following sites:
• Catholic Church in England
• Church of England (Protestant)
• Hindu Council UK
• Buddhist Society UK
• Islamic Society UK
• Judaism UK
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